About the Authors

Haibo Yu

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America , Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Liang Ma

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America , Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Yang Yang

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America , Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Qiang Cui

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cui@chem.wisc.edu

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America , Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

QC conceived and designed the experiments. HY, LM, and YY performed the experiments and analyzed the data. HY, YY, LM, and QC wrote the paper.