About the Authors

Ovidiu Lipan

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: olipan@richmond.edu

Affiliation Department of Physics, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America

Jean-Marc Navenot

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Immunotherapy Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America

Zixuan Wang

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Immunotherapy Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America

Lei Huang

Affiliations Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Immunotherapy Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Department of Radiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Center for Molecular Chaperone, Radiobiology, and Cancer Virology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America

Stephen C Peiper

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America , Immunotherapy Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

OL, JMN, ZW, and SCP conceived and designed the experiments. OL, JMN, and ZW performed the experiments. OL developed the theoretical model and analyzed the data. ZW and LH contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. OL, JMN, and SCP wrote the paper.