About the Authors

Maxim N. Artyomov

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Alexander Meissner

Affiliations Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Arup K. Chakraborty

arupc@mit.edu

Affiliations Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MNA AKC. Performed the experiments: MNA. Analyzed the data: MNA AKC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MNA. Wrote the paper: MNA AM AKC.