About the Authors

Roger L. Chang

Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Li Xie

Affiliation Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Lei Xie

Affiliation San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Philip E. Bourne

Affiliations Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Bernhard Ø. Palsson

bpalsson@bioeng.ucsd.edu

Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

A patent application has been filed for the modeling and simulation approach used in this study for predicting drug responses, metabolic disorders, and risk factors for treatment.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: Roger L. Chang, Philip E. Bourne. Performed the experiments: Roger L. Chang. Analyzed the data: Roger L. Chang, Li Xie. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Philip E. Bourne, Bernhard Ø. Pallson. Wrote the paper: Roger L. Chang, Li Xie, Lei Xie, Philip E. Bourne, Bernhard Ø. Pallson. Provided conceptual content to the study: Bernhard Ø. Pallson, Li Xie.