About the Authors

Paul C. Whitford

p.whitford@neu.edu

Affiliations Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS K710, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Scott C. Blanchard

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America

Jamie H. D. Cate

Affiliations Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Karissa Y. Sanbonmatsu

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS K710, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PCW KYS. Performed the experiments: PCW KYS. Analyzed the data: PCW SCB JHDC KYS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PCW. Wrote the paper: PCW SCB JHDC KYS.