About the Authors

Jeffrey E. Markowitz

Affiliations Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Elizabeth Ivie

Affiliation Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Laura Kligler

Affiliation Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Timothy J. Gardner

timothyg@bu.edu

Affiliations Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JEM TJG. Performed the experiments: JEM EI LK. Analyzed the data: JEM. Wrote the paper: JEM TJG.