About the Authors

Scott Christley

Affiliations Department of Computer Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America , Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Biocomplexity, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Mark S Alber

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: malber@nd.edu (MSA); newman@nymc.edu (SAN)

Affiliations Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Biocomplexity, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America , Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Stuart A Newman

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: malber@nd.edu (MSA); newman@nymc.edu (SAN)

Affiliation Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

SAN formulated the biological questions, provided the in vitro data and, with MA, designed the multipixel, multiscale, quasi–3-D representation. MA and SC designed the discrete stochastic model. SC performed the simulations and, with SAN and MA, interpreted the results. SC, MA, and SAN wrote the paper.