About the Authors

Alborz Mahdavi

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Ryan E Davey

Affiliation Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Patrick Bhola

Affiliation Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Ting Yin

Affiliation Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Peter W Zandstra

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: peter.zandstra@utoronto.ca

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

AM, RED, PB, and PWZ conceived and designed the experiments. AM, RED, PB, and TY performed the experiments. AM and RED analyzed the data. TY contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. AM, RED, and PWZ wrote the paper.