About the Authors

S. Gnanakaran

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Marcus G. Daniels

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Tanmoy Bhattacharya

Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Alan S. Lapedes

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Anurag Sethi

Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Ming Li

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Haili Tang

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Kelli Greene

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Hongmei Gao

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Barton F. Haynes

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Myron S. Cohen

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

George M. Shaw

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Michael S. Seaman

Affiliation Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Amit Kumar

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Feng Gao

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

David C. Montefiori

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Bette Korber

btk@lanl.gov

Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DCM BK. Performed the experiments: DCM BK. Analyzed the data: SG MGD TB ASL BK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BFH MSC GMS MSS AK FG DCM BK. Wrote the paper: DCM BK. Protein modeling and interpretation of signatures: SG. Signature analysis, programming, modified decision forest strategy: MGD. Theory, analysis, and statistical strategies: TB. Theory and statistical strategies, conditional mutual information: ASL. Protein modeling related to electrostatic potential: AS. Cloning and sequencing of Envs in pseudoviruses: ML HT. Provided technical support: HT. Provided project coordination, collected and maintained a database for virus and associated information: KG HG. Design and oversight of clinical studies that were a source of serum samples from HIV-1-infected subjects: BFH MSC GMS. Oversaw neutralization assays with b12: MSS. Single genome amplification and sequencing of gp160 genes in plasma samples; subtyping analysis of the sequences: AK FG. Initial concept, study design, oversaw neutralization assays with HIV-1-positive serum samples, interpretation of signatures: DCM. Initial concept, study design, theory, analysis and interpretation: BK. Co-wrote the original draft of the paper: BK DCM.