About the Authors

Ismail Adeniran

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Mark J. McPate

Current address: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom

Harry J. Witchel

Current address: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom

Jules C. Hancox

henggui.zhang@manchester.ac.uk (HZ); jules.hancox@bristol.ac.uk (JCH)

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom

Henggui Zhang

henggui.zhang@manchester.ac.uk (HZ); jules.hancox@bristol.ac.uk (JCH)

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HZ JCH. Performed the experiments: IA. Analyzed the data: IA HZ JCH. Wrote the paper: IA HZ JCH. In vitro hERG data used to validate WT and mutant IKr formulations: MJM HJW.