About the Authors

Gevorg Grigoryan

Affiliation Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Fei Zhou

Affiliation Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Steve R Lustig

Affiliation DuPont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware, United States of America

Gerbrand Ceder

Affiliation Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Dane Morgan

Affiliation Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Amy E Keating

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: keating@mit.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

GG, FZ, GC, DM, and AEK conceived and designed the experiments. GG and FZ performed the experiments. GG, FZ, GC, DM, and AEK analyzed the data. SRL participated in intellectual discussions. GG and AEK wrote the paper.