About the Authors

Yang Liu

Affiliations Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America , Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jianrong Li

Affiliations Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America , Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Lee Sam

Affiliations Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America , Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Chern-Sing Goh

Affiliation Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Mark Gerstein

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mark.gerstein@yale.edu (MG); lussier@uchicago.edu (YAL)

Affiliations Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America , Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Yves A Lussier

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mark.gerstein@yale.edu (MG); lussier@uchicago.edu (YAL)

Affiliations Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America , Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America , Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

YL, JL, MG, and YAL conceived and designed the experiments. YL, JL, and YAL performed the experiments. YL, JL, LS, and YAL analyzed the data. YL, JL, CSG, and YAL contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. YL, LS, MG, and YAL wrote the paper.