About the Authors

Ying Wei

Affiliations Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , Institute for Complex Scientific Software, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Dagmar Ringe

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ringe@brandeis.edu

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America , Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America , Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mark A Wilson

¤ Current address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America , Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America , Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mary Jo Ondrechen

Affiliations Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , Institute for Complex Scientific Software, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

YW, DR, and MJO conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the paper. YW performed the experiments. YW, DR, MAW, and MJO analyzed the data. YW, MAW, and MJO contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.