About the Authors

Masako Ogura

Contributed equally to this work with: Masako Ogura, J. Christian Perez

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

J. Christian Perez

Contributed equally to this work with: Masako Ogura, J. Christian Perez

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Peer R. E Mittl

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Switzerland

Hae-Kyung Lee

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Geidrius Dailide

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Shumin Tan

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Yoshiyuki Ito

Affiliations Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America , Second Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Medical School, Fukui, Japan

Ousman Secka

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Daiva Dailidiene

Affiliation Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Kalyani Putty

Affiliations Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America , Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America

Douglas E Berg

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a0kali02@gwise.louisville.edu (AK); berg@borcim.wustl.edu (DEB)

Affiliations Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America , Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America , Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Awdhesh Kalia

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a0kali02@gwise.louisville.edu (AK); berg@borcim.wustl.edu (DEB)

Affiliations Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America , Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

MO, JCP, DEB, and AK conceived and designed the experiments. MO, JCP, HKL, GD, ST, YI, OS, DD, KP, and AK performed the experiments. PREM, KP, DEB, and AK analyzed the data. HKL, YI, OS, PREM, DEB, and AK contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. PREM, DEB, and AK wrote the paper.