About the Authors

Jennifer Listgarten

jennl@microsoft.com (JL); heckerma@microsoft.com (DH)

Affiliation Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America

Zabrina Brumme

Affiliation Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carl Kadie

Affiliation Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America

Gao Xiaojiang

Affiliation SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Bruce Walker

Affiliations Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Mary Carrington

Affiliation SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Philip Goulder

Affiliations Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

David Heckerman

jennl@microsoft.com (JL); heckerma@microsoft.com (DH)

Affiliation Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America

Competing Interests

A tool based on our approach will be made freely available for research purposes at http://microsoft.com/science.

Author Contributions

JL contributed algorithm and experiment design, implementation and running of the experiments, and writing of the paper. ZLB organized the data and aided in the writing and experiment design. CK helped make the public Web tool version of the algorithm available. GX provided HLA typing of private data. BDW organized the data. MC provided HLA typing of private data, and aided in the writing. PJG presented the need for statistical HLA refinement. DH contributed algorithm and experiment design, and contributed to the writing of the paper.