About the Authors

Augix Guohua Xu

Contributed equally to this work with: Augix Guohua Xu, Liu He, Zhongshan Li

Affiliations Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Liu He

Contributed equally to this work with: Augix Guohua Xu, Liu He, Zhongshan Li

Affiliations Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

Zhongshan Li

Contributed equally to this work with: Augix Guohua Xu, Liu He, Zhongshan Li

Affiliations Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

Ying Xu

Affiliation Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China

Mingfeng Li

Affiliation Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China

Xing Fu

Affiliation Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China

Zheng Yan

Affiliation Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China

Yuan Yuan

Affiliation Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China

Corinna Menzel

Affiliation Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

Na Li

Affiliation Max Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin-Buch, Germany

Mehmet Somel

Affiliations Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Hao Hu

Affiliations Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

Wei Chen

wei.chen@mdc-berlin.de (WC); khaitovich@eva.mpg.de (PK)

Affiliations Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Max Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin-Buch, Germany

Svante Pääbo

Affiliation Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Philipp Khaitovich

wei.chen@mdc-berlin.de (WC); khaitovich@eva.mpg.de (PK)

Affiliations Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WC SP PK. Performed the experiments: ZY CM NL HH. Analyzed the data: AGX LH ZL YX ML XF HH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YY MS WC SP PK. Wrote the paper: LH WC SP PK.