About the Authors

Ly Le

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America, School of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh International University and Saigon Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Eric H. Lee

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

David J. Hardy

Affiliation Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Thanh N. Truong

Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Klaus Schulten

kschulte@ks.uiuc.edu

Affiliations Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LL EHL TNT KS. Performed the experiments: LL EHL. Analyzed the data: LL EHL KS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LL EHL DJH KS. Wrote the paper: LL EHL KS.