About the Authors
- S. Gnanakaran
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Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Marcus G. Daniels
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Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Tanmoy Bhattacharya
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Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- Alan S. Lapedes
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Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Anurag Sethi
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Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Ming Li
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Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Haili Tang
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Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kelli Greene
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Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Hongmei Gao
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Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Barton F. Haynes
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Myron S. Cohen
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- George M. Shaw
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Michael S. Seaman
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Affiliation Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Amit Kumar
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Feng Gao
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Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- David C. Montefiori
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Affiliation Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Bette Korber
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* E-mail: btk@lanl.gov
Affiliations Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DCM BK. Performed the experiments: DCM BK. Analyzed the data: SG MGD TB ASL BK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BFH MSC GMS MSS AK FG DCM BK. Wrote the paper: DCM BK. Protein modeling and interpretation of signatures: SG. Signature analysis, programming, modified decision forest strategy: MGD. Theory, analysis, and statistical strategies: TB. Theory and statistical strategies, conditional mutual information: ASL. Protein modeling related to electrostatic potential: AS. Cloning and sequencing of Envs in pseudoviruses: ML HT. Provided technical support: HT. Provided project coordination, collected and maintained a database for virus and associated information: KG HG. Design and oversight of clinical studies that were a source of serum samples from HIV-1-infected subjects: BFH MSC GMS. Oversaw neutralization assays with b12: MSS. Single genome amplification and sequencing of gp160 genes in plasma samples; subtyping analysis of the sequences: AK FG. Initial concept, study design, oversaw neutralization assays with HIV-1-positive serum samples, interpretation of signatures: DCM. Initial concept, study design, theory, analysis and interpretation: BK. Co-wrote the original draft of the paper: BK DCM.