About the Authors

Wei Chen

Current address: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Affiliation Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Jizhong Lou

Current address: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Affiliation Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Jen Hsin

Affiliation Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Klaus Schulten

Affiliation Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Stephen C. Harvey

Affiliations Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Cheng Zhu

cheng.zhu@bme.gatech.edu

Affiliations Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WC JL CZ. Performed the experiments: WC JH. Analyzed the data: WC JH. Wrote the paper: WC JL CZ. Provided computational resources: CZ KS SCH.