About the Authors

Nobuto Takeuchi

takeuchi@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Paulien Hogeweg

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Eugene V. Koonin

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NT PH. Performed the experiments: NT. Analyzed the data: NT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NT. Wrote the manuscript: NT PH EVK. Interpreted the results: NT PH EVK.