About the Authors

Kate M. Mitchell

Kate.Mitchell@lshtm.ac.uk

Current address: Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.

Affiliation Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Francisca Mutapi

Affiliation Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Nicholas J. Savill

Affiliation Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Mark E. J. Woolhouse

Affiliation Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KMM FM MEJW . Performed the experiments: KMM. Analyzed the data: KMM. Wrote the paper: KMM FM NJS MEJW. Developed the computer code: NJS.