About the Authors

Wenlian Qiao

Contributed equally to this work with: Wenlian Qiao, Gerald Quon

Affiliation Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Gerald Quon

Contributed equally to this work with: Wenlian Qiao, Gerald Quon

Current address: Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Elizabeth Csaszar

Affiliations Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mei Yu

Affiliation Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Quaid Morris

quaid.morris@utoronto.ca (QM); peter.zandstra@utoronto.ca (PWZ)

Affiliations Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Peter W. Zandstra

quaid.morris@utoronto.ca (QM); peter.zandstra@utoronto.ca (PWZ)

Affiliations Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WQ GQ QM PWZ. Performed the experiments: WQ GQ EC MY. Analyzed the data: WQ GQ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GQ QM. Wrote the paper: WQ GQ QM PWZ.