About the Authors

Bin Hu

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Hua-Xin Liao

Affiliation Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

S. Munir Alam

Affiliation Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Byron Goldstein

bxg@lanl.gov

Affiliation Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SMA HXL. Performed the experiments: SMA HXL. Analyzed the data: BH BG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BH HXL SMA BG. Wrote the paper: BG BH. Developed and analyzed the mathematical model: BH BG.